Fundamentos de ginecologia download

Figura 2. Influyen en el procesamiento del precursor de la oxitocina. La pineal contiene receptores para hormonas sexuales tales como estradiol, testosterona, dihidrotestosterona, progesterona y prolactina. Andersen AN. Dopaminergic regulation of gonadotropin levels and pulsatility in normal women. Fertil Steril.

Bacchinetti F. Localization and expression of the three opioid systems. Seminars Reprod Endocrinol. Blank MS.

Inhibition of luteinizing hormone release by morphine and endogenous opiates in cultured-pituitary cells. Berga SL. Neuroendocrine aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Blackwell RE. Neuroendocrinology of reproduction.

Bloom FE. The endorphins: agrowing family of pharmacologically pertinent peptides. Ann Rev Pharm Toxicol. Brownstein MJ. Synthesis, transport, and release of posterior pituitary hormones. Callard GV. The role of estrogen as a parahormone in the brain and pituitary. Castelbaum A. Past, present and future of steroid hormones. Infertil Reproduc Cl NA. Chrisitansen E. Modulating actions of estradiol on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated prolactin secretion in postmenopausal individuals.

Am J Obstet Gynecol. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones and antagonists. Conn PM. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogues. De Souza MJ. Effects of exercise training on sex steroids: endocrine profile and clinical implications. Infertil Reprod Clin North Am. Elsholtz HP. Molecular biology of prolactin: cell-specific and endocrine regulators of the prolactine gene. Seminars Reprod Endocrinol ; Evans RM. Evans WS. Contemporary aspects of discrete peak- detection algorythms: II.

The paradigm of the luteinizing hormone pulse signal in women. Endocr Rev. Filicori M. Characterization of the physiological pattern of episodic gonadotropin secretion throughout the human menstrual cycle.

Fishman J. The cathecol estrogens. Brain catecholestrogens: formation and possible functions. Adv Biosci. Findoff PR. Brain opioid peptides and menstrual cyclicity. Guillemin F. Peptides in the brain: the new endocrinology of the neuron. Harris GW. Induction of ovulation in rabbit by electrical stimulation of hypothalamohypophysial mechanism. Proc Royal Soc Biol. Hanley MR. Peptide regulatory factors in the nervous system. Hayflic JS. The complete nucleotide sequence of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene.

Nucleic Acids Res. Henzl MR. How GnRH agonists were discovered and developed. Hohlweg W. Die hormonal-nervose regullerug der funktion des hypophysen vorderlappens. Klin Wpchschr. Howlett TA. Ann Rev Physiol. Judd S. Inhibiton of gonadotropin and prolactin release by dopamine effect of endogenous estradiol levels.

Knobil E. The neuroendocrine control of the menstrual cycle. Recent Prog Horm Res. Krieger DT. Brain peptides: what, where, and why? Linton EA. Corticotrophin releasing factor in man and ist measurement: a review. Clin Endocrinol. Loucks AB. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary- ovarian and the hypothalamica-pituitary-adrenal axes in athletic women. Marsall JC. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses: regulators of gonadotropin synthesis and ovulatoru cicles.

Metcalf G. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: biomedical significance. Ann NY Acad Sci. Nikolics K. A prolactin-inhibiting factor within the precursor for human gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Palkovits M. Anatomy of neural pathways affecting CRH secretion.

Pavlou SN. The mechanism of action of GnRH agonists. Rasmussen DD. Pulsatile gonadotropin- releasing hormone release from the human mediobasal hypothalamus in vitro: opiate receptor-mediated supression. Reame N. Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion durin the human menstrual cycle: evidence for altered frequency of gonadotropin- releasing hormone secretion. Reeves WB. The posterior pituitary and water metabolism.

En Wilson JD. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Saunders Co 8a , - Reichlin S. Reisine T. Neurohormonal aspects of ACTH release. Hosp Prac. Reiter RJ. Pineal melatonin: cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interactions. Rivier C. Stress-induced inhibiton of reproductive functions: role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor. Roberts V. Production and regulation of inhibin subunits in pituitary gonadotropes.

Schwanzel-Fukuda M. Origin of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Schwartz J. Intercellular communication within the anterior pituitary influencing the secretion of hypophysial hormones.

Endocrin Rev. Sherwood NM. Origin of mammalian gonadotropin- releasing hormones. Soules MR. Nocturn slowing of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. South SA. Normal reproductive neuroendocrinology in the female. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. Suh BY. Hypercortisolism in patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Tannenbaum GS. The interrelationship of growth hormone GH - releasing factor and somatostatin in generation of the ultradian rythm of GH secretion.

Thorner MO. The anterior pituitary. Waring DW. A pathway for luteinizing hormone releasing-hormone self-potentiation: cross-talk with the progesterone receptor. Yen SCC. Zimmernann RC. Melatonin and the ovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. En el momento del nacimiento quedan reducidos a En ella deben analizarse los siguientes elementos. Figura 3. Existen diversos receptores de membrana para los IGF.

La inhibina es derivada de esta misma familia de genes. Este efecto es estimulado por el IGF-I. El oocito reasume la meiosis. Los niveles de estradiol disminuyen a medida que la LH alcanza su pico. Adashi EY. Panamericana 3a. Cytokine-mediated regulation of ovarian function: encounters of a third kind. Ovarian granulosa cell-derived insuline- like growth factor binding proteins: modulatory role of follicle-stimulating hormone.

Bergh C. Regulation of androgen production in cultured human thecal cells by insulin-like growth factor I and insulin. Bicsak TA. Hormonal regulation of granulosa cell inhibin byosynthesis. Braden TD.

Activin-A stimulates the synthesis of gonadotropin- releasing hormone receptors. Brailly S. Androgens and progestins in human ovarian follicle. Differences in the evolution of preovulatory, healthy nonovulatory and atretic follicles.

Buckler HM. Purified FSH stimulates inhibin production from the human ovary. J Endocrinol. Burger HG. Potential relevance of inhibin to ovarian physiology. Carr BR. Disorders of the ovary and female reproductive tract. En Wislon JD. Williams textbook of endocrinology. Saunders Co. Carr, BR. The ovary. The normal menstrual cycle: the coordinated events of the hypothalamic- pituitary-ovarian axis and the female reproductive tract.

Infertil Reprod Clin NA. Couzinet B. Progesterone stimulates luteinizing hormone secretion by acting directly on the pituitary. Chaffkin LM. Chikasawa K. Morphological and endocrinological studies on follicular development during the human menstrual cycle. Cook ID. The corpus luteum. Human Reprod. DiZerega GS. Identification of protein s in pooled human follicular fluid which supress follicular response to gonadotropins. Dodson WC.

The effecto of transforming growth factor-b on follicle-stimulating hormone-induced differentiation of cultured rat granulosa cells. El-Roeiy A. Erickson GF. An analysis of follicle development and ovum maturation. Esch FS. Structural characterization of follistatin: a novel follicle-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting polypeptide from the gonad. Mol Endocrinol. Characterization of the physiologycal pattern of episodic gonadotropin secretion throughout the human menstrual cycle. Findlay J.

The nature of inhibin and ists use in the regulation of fertility and diagnosis of infertility. Fritz MA. The endocrinology of the menstrual cycle, the interaction of folliculogenesis and neuroendocrine mechanisms.

Giudice LC. Insulin-like growth factors and ovarian follicular development. Gougeon A. Dynamics of follicular growth in the human: a model from preliminary results. Hum Reprod. Morphometric studies of small follicles in ovaries of women at different ages. Hall JE. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and follicle-stimulating hormone dynamics during the luteal- follicular transition.

Hernandez ER. Expression of the genes encoding the insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in the human ovary. Hild-Petito S. Biol Reprod. Hillier SG. Paracrine control of follicular estrogen synthesis. Control of preovulatory follicular estrogen biosynthesis in the human ovary. Intraovarian sex steroid hormone interactions and the regulation of follicular maturation: aromatization of androgens by human granulosa cells in vitro.

Hodgen GD. The dominant ovarian follicle. Jones PBC. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in human preovulatory follicular fluid. The source of pulsatile secretion of progesterone during the human follicular phase. Kessel B. Autocrine role of estrogens in the augmentation of luteinizing hormone receptor formation in cultured rat granulosa cells.

Keyes PL. Endocrine regulation of the corpus luteum. Annu Rev Physiol. Knecht M. Aromatase inhibitors prevent granulosa cell differentiation: an obligatory role for estrogens in luteinizing hormone receptor expression.

Kobayashi M. Immunohistochemical localization of pituitary gonadotropins and gonadal steroids confirms the two cells two gonadotropins hypothesis of steroidogenesis in the human ovary. Koss RD. Sem Rep Endocrinol. Krishna A. Histamine, mastcells and ovarian function. Laatikainen T. Plasma b-endorphin and the menstrual cycle. Le Nestour E. Role of estradiol in the rise in follicle- stimulating hormone levels during the luteal-follicular transition.

Lumsden MA. Changes in the concentrations of prostaglandins in preovulatory human follicles after administration of HCG. Magoffin DA. Regulation of differentiated functions in ovarian theca cells. Mais V. The dependency of folliculogenesis and corpus luteum function on pulsatile gonadotropin secretion in cycling women using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonsit as a probe.

Maruncic M. The effect of luteal phase estrogen antagonism on luteinizing hormone pulsatility and luteal function in women. Marut EL. Distinguishing the steroidogenic roles of granulosa and theca cells of the dominant ovarian follicle and corpus luteum. Mason AJ. Structure of two human ovarian inhibins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. McNatty KP. Steroidogenesis by recombined follicular cells from the human ovary in vitro.

The microenvironment of the human antral follicle; inter-relationships among the steorid levels in antral fluid, the population of granulosa cells, and the status of the oocyte in vivo and in vitro. Miro F. Relative effects of activin and inhibin on steroid hormone synthesis in primate granulosa cells. Nulsen JC. Regulation of ovarian steroid production. Peters H. Follicular growth: the basic event in the mouse and human ovary. Petraglia F.

Proopiomelanocortin-related peptides and methionine enkephalin in human follicular fluid: changes during the menstrual cycle. Priddy AR. The effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on human preovulatory follicular fluid prostaglandin, thromboxane, and leukotriene concentrations. Rabinovici J. Activin-A as an intraovarian modulator: actions, localization and regulation of the intact dimer in human ovarian cells.

J Clin Invest. Reddi K. Circulating bioactive follicle stimulating hormone and immunoreactive inhibin during the human menstrual cycle. Richards JS. Ovarian follicular development: from physiology to molecular biology. Rossmanith WG. Pulsatile cosecretion of estradiol and progesterone by the midluteal phase corpus luteum: temporal link to luteinizing hormone pulses.

Sasano H. Immunolocalization of aromatase, a hidroxilase and side-chain-cleavage cytochromes P in the human ovary. J Reprod Fert.

Regulation of the menstrual cycle. Tilly JL. Apoptosis in atretic ovarian follicles is associated with selective decreases in messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts for gonadotropin receptors and cytochrome P aromatase. Tsang BK. Steroid biosynthesis by isolated human ovarian follicular cells in vitro. Tsonis CG. Dual gonadal control of follicle-stimulating hormone. Uilenbrock JTJ. Atresia in preovulatoru follicles: gonadotropin binding in steroidogenic activity.

Vermesh M. Longitudinal evaluation of the luteal phase and its transition into the follicular phase. Yamamoto M. Gonadotropin receptors in human ovarian follicles and corpora lutea throughout the menstrual cycle. Horm Res. Ying SY. Inhibins, activins, and follistatins: gonadal proteins modulating the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. Yong EL. Mediation of gonadotropin-stimulated growth and differentiation of human granulosa cells by adenosine-3',5'monophosphate: one molecule, two messages.

Andrea Vesalius en el Siglo XVI fue el primero en revelar en forma adecuada la presencia de la cavidad endometrial. Hacia la semana 20 se desarrolla el endometrio a partir de la mucosa uterina. El endometrio consta de cuatro compartimientos importantes que se interrelacionan por mecanismos complejos: 1. El endometrio menstrual Es un tejido relativamente delgado pero denso. Durante la fase proliferativa el endometrio aumenta su espesor de 0. La altura total del endometrio permanece estable en 5 a 6 mm.

Cerca de la cuarta parte corresponde a la basal que no ha sufrido alteraciones. Este es un evento progresivo. La presencia de receptores es variable a lo largo del ciclo. Disminuyen en forma progresiva durante la fase secretora. En el miometrio se encuentra gran cantidad de receptores para progesterona a lo largo de todo el ciclo. Por lo tanto, un endometrio secretor normal es el resultado de los efectos balanceados de estas dos hormonas. El miometrio produce principalmente prostaciclina utilizando precursores derivados del endometrio.

TABLA 4. Aplin JD. An immunohistochemical study of human endometrial extracellular matrix during the menstrual cycle and first trimester of pregnancy. Cell Tissue Re. Bell SC. Secretory endometrial and decidual proteins: studies and clinical significance of a maternally derived group of pregnancy-associated serum proteins.

Decidualization and insulin-like growth factor binding protein: implications for its role in stromal cell differentiation and the decidual cell haemachorial placentation. Benedetto MT. Estrone sulfate sulfatase activity is increased during in vitro decidualization of stromal cells from human endometrim. Progestgens and estrogens.

Infertil Reprod Cl NA. The normal menstrual cycle. Textbook or reproductive medicine. Christiaens GCML. Morphology of hemostasis in menstrual endometrium. Br J Obstet Gynecol. Hemostasis in menstrual endometrium: a review. Obstet Gynecol Survey. Infetil Reprod Cl NA. Economos K. Endothelin-1 gene expression and protein biosynthesis in human ndometrium: potential modulator of endometrial blood flow. Edman CD. The effects of steroids in the endometrium. Eldering JA.

Hormonal regulation of prostaglandin production by Rhesus monkey endometrium. Flowers CE. Cellular mechanisms for endometrial conservation during menstrual bleeding. Semin Reprod Endocrinol. Overview of the endometrium in reproductive medicine. Differential expresion of messenger ribonucleic acids encoding insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in human uterine endometrium and decidua.

Steroid and peptide regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins secreted by human endometrial stromal cells is dependent on stromal differentiation. Handwerger S. The physiology of decidual prolactin and other decidual protein hormones. Hansard LJ. Descriptive histology: the gold standard for clinically evaluating the endometrium.

Heffner LJ. Electrophoretic analyses of secreted human endometrial proteins: identification and characterization of luteal phase prolactin. Hofmann GE. Immunohistochemical localization of epidermal growth factor in human endometrium, decidua, and placenta. Holinka CF. Diamine oxidase activity in human decidua and endometrium. Horie K. Immunohistochemical localization of androgen receptor in the human endometrium, decidua, placenta and pathological conditions of the endometrium. Huang JK. Regulation of prolactin production by progestin, estrogen and relaxin in human endometrial cells.

Ignar-Trowbridge DM. Coupling of dual signaling pathways: epidermal growth factor action involves the estrogen receptor. Jacobs I. The CA tumor-associated antigen: a review of the literature. Human Reproduction. Joshi SG. A progestagen-associated protein of the human endometrium: basic studies and potential clinical applications.

J Steroid Biochem. Jost A. Studies on sex differentiation in mammals. Recent Prog Hormo Res. Kubota T. Synthesis and release of endothelin-1 by human decidual cells.

Lessey BA. Immunohistochemical analysis of uterine estrogen and progesterone receptors throughout the menstrual cycle. Levin JH. Estradiol stimulates the secretion of prostacyclin and thromboxane from endometrial stromal cells in culture. Levy C. Estradiol and progesterone receptors in human endometrium: normnal and abnormal cycles and early pregnancy.

Am J oBstet Gynecol. Maslar IA. The progesatational endometrium. Semin Reprod Biol. Prolactin production by human endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle. Metzger, DA. Sex steroid effects on the endometrium. Metzger DA. Regulation of the endometrium. Mularoni A. Progesterone control of fibronectin secretion in guinea pig endometrium.

Noyes RW. Dating the endometrial biopsy. Press MF. Progesterone receptor distribution in the human endometrium. Am J Pathol. Roberts DK. Schwarz BE. The production and biologic effects of uterine prostaglandins.

The uterus. Strauss JF. Walsh SW. Willborn WH. La penetrancia del defecto es variable, por lo cual hay un espectro que va desde el infantilismo sexual, hasta el desarrollo mamario escaso. Con frecuencia el motivo de consulta es la amenorrea primaria. TABLA 5. Figura 5. La resistencia a la insulina es un trastorno relativamente frecuente. Hay varios factores que apoyan este concepto. La insulina tiene la capacidad de unirse al receptor para el IGF-I.

Se puede concluir que una paciente sin tratamiento puede tener consecuencias graves. El manejo depende de lo que se detecte en cada paciente. Si la paciente presenta sobrepeso y se sospecha resistencia a la insulina, tiene mayor riesgo de problemas cardiovasculares. Anttila L. Clinical features and circulating gonadotropin, insulin, and androgen interactions in women with polycystic ovarian disease.

Opioidergic regulation of LH pulsatility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Burger CW. Pulsatile luteinizing hormone patterns in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, polycystic ovarian disease PCOD and non-PCOD secondary amenorrhea.

Buyalos RP. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I responsiveness in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Calaf J. En Vanrell JA. Fertilidad y esterilidad humanas. Salvat 1a. Amenorrea de causa hipofisiaria. Cataldo NA. Follicular fluid insuline-like growth factor binding protein profiles in polycystic ovary syndrome. Casper RF. Laparoscopic ovarian cautery for induction of ovulation in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Chang RJ. Ovarian steroid secretion in polycystic ovarian disease.

Ciaraldi TP. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Conover CA. Insulin regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in obese and non-obese humans. Conway GS. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Dahigren E. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in to a long-term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones. Dale PO. Body weight, hyperinsulinemia, and gonadotropin levels in the polycystic ovarian syndrome: evidence of two distinct populations. Dunaif A. Acanthosis nigricans, insulin action and hyperandrogenism: clinical, histological, and biochemical findings.

Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Insulin-like growth factor-I regulates aromatase acitivity in human granulosa and granulosa luteal cells. The effects of insulin and insulin- like growth factors I and II on estradiol production by granulosa cells of polycystic ovaries. Escobedo LG. Infertility associated endometrial cancer risk may be limited to specific subgroups of infertile women. Obstet Gynecol. Elkind-Hirsch KE. Androgen responses to acutely increased endogenous insulin levels in hyperandrogenic and normal cycling women.

Granulosa cells of polycystic ovaries: are they normal or abnormal? Falcone T. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol Fertil. Impaired glucose effectiveness in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fava M. Neurochemical abnormalities of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Am J Psychiatry. Franks S. Polycisitic ovary syndrome: a changing perspective. Gammon MD. Polycystic ovaries and the risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. Gonzalez F. Basal and dynamic hormonal responses to gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatment in women with polycystic ovaries with high and low dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels.

Haffner SM. Prospective analysis of the insulin- resistance syndrome syndrome X. Imse V. Comparison of luteinizing hormone pulsatility in the serum of women suffering from polycystic ovarian disease using a bioassay and five different immunoassays. Insler V. Polycystic ovaries in non-obese and obese patients: possible pathophysiological mechanism based on new interpretsation of facts and findings.

Jalkanan J. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 production in human granulosa-lutheal cells. Jialal I. Evidence for insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovarian disease. Littley MD. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism is dose-dependent.

Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary- ovarian and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in athletic women. Mason HD. Insuline-like growth factor-I IGF-I inhibits production of IGF-binding protein-1 while stimulating estradiol secretion in granulosa cells from normal and polycystic human ovaries. Matteri RK. Androgen sulfate and glucoronide conjugates in nonhirsute and hirsute women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

McKenna TJ. Pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. Nestler JE. A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. O'Meara NM. Defects in b-cell function in functional ovarian hyperandrogenism.

Pache TD. Association between ovarian changes assesed by transvaginal sonography and clinical and endocrine signs of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Peiris AN. The relationship of insulin to sex hormone-binding globulin: role of adiposity. Pestell RG. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: The clinical spectrum of the disorder and evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis.

Polson DW. Polycystic ovaries: a common finding in normal women. Poretsky L. On the paradox of insulin-induced hyperandrogenism in insulin- resistant states. Reavens GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Rebar RW. Gonadotropin secretion in polycistic ovary disease. Rosenfield RL. Rosner W. The functions of corticosteroid-binding globulin and sex-hormone- binding globulin: recent advances. Schoemaker RJ. Neuroendocrine control in polycystic ovary-like syndrome.

Gynecol Endocrinol. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone LHRH expressing cells do not migrate normally in an inherited hypogonadal Kallmann syndrome. Mol Brain Res. Seibel MM. Ovarian dysfunction and anovulation. Seifer DB. Current concepts of b-endorphin physiology in female reproductive dysfunction. Regulation of estrogen byosynthesis by human adipose cells. Anovulation and the polycystic ovary. All Nursing Geron Halloween Sale. Anatomical Chart Anatomical Models.

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